Helmsmen of the state: an explication of Cicero's rhetorical theory

Abstract

At the end of the Roman Republic, the discipline of classical rhetoric reached its zenith in the rhetorical theory of Marcus Tullius Cicero (106¿43 BCE). From ancient Greek sources such as the Sophists, Isocrates, Plato and Aristotle, Cicero identified diverse theories of rhetoric which would be useful in operating and maintaining the Roman State. Cicero was the first figure in classical rhetoric to synthesize the rival paradigms of the Greeks and to compile a history of the offices held by, and persuasive skills of, early Greek and Roman orators. This synthesis and compilation heightened Cicero's awareness of the immense value of the orator to civilization. Because important social issues were determined, influenced, and perpetuated by those who held political offices in Rome, Cicero believed that orators needed to extend their services beyond advocating for minor cases to serve in higher offices. To that end, Cicero designed a rhetorical program which would prepare orators for effective civic involvement. In addition to having natural talent, a healthy body, and ceaseless enthusiasm for the acquisition of knowledge, Ciceronian orators were required to engage in life-long study of the liberal arts, the five branches of rhetoric (especially the canon of style), and to practice rhetorical analyses, imitation, and declamations with literacy. As orators improved their skills in persuasive discourse, Cicero believed that they would prove themselves fit to serve as helmsmen of the State. Explicating Cicero's rhetorical theory sharpens our understanding of the contributions of one of the ancient world's master communicators and provides a foundation upon which modern educators can build their own methods of teaching the liberal arts and communication.