The Future of Electric Vehicle Batteries: Challenges, Market Dynamics, and Emerging Technologies
To, Camille
To, Camille
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2025-05-19
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Abstract
This paper explores the evolving landscape of electric vehicle (EV) battery technologies, focusing on lithium-ion (Li-ion) chemistry and its emerging alternatives: solid-state, graphene-enhanced, sodium-ion, and lithium-sulfur batteries. It examines the cost-performance dynamics, technical feasibility, and sustainability of each technology in the context of U.S. and global markets. Through a mixed-method approach that combines industry data, life cycle analysis, and comparative case studies of Tesla and BYD, the research evaluates which battery innovations are most likely to complement or eventually replace Li-ion in widespread EV deployment. Findings suggest Li-ion will remain dominant through the 2020s, while sodium-ion and solid-state batteries are poised to enter specific market segments within the next decade. The study highlights the importance of vertical integration, supply chain localization, and public policy in shaping the future of EV battery adoption.